MEMORIAL DAY 



^^ROBERT EDWARD LEE^^ 



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January 19 

19 9 

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—^= ARKANSAS —^^ 
DEPARTMENT of EDUCATION 

s;;^^^^^ GEO. B. COOK, Superintendent s^;s 




Book_.t-L^A^- 



A SUGGESTIVE PROGRAM 



FOR THE 



Schools of Arkansas 



For Use in Celebration of 



ROBERT E. LEE DAY 



JANUARY NINETEENTH 



ISSUED BY 



DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 



With kind and friendly greetings to children, teachers 
and all friends of education throughout the State. 



GEO. B. COOK, 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

Little Rock, Arkansas. 




^' OF 0, 

OfC 30 1909 



E4G1 

• I 
.L4A3 



AN ACT ENTITLED 

An Act to Encourage the Study of Arkansas History and 
to Promote the Spirit of Patriotism in the Public 
Schools of Arkansas. 

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ark- 
ansas: 

Section i. That the nineteenth of January, the birth- 
day of Robert Edward Lee, shall be observed in all the 
public schools of this State as a day for patriotic exercises 
and the study of the history and achievements of Arkansas 
men. 

Sec, 2. The state superintendent of public instruc- 
tion is hereby authorized to prepare and publish annually 
for use in all public schools of the state, a program of exer- 
cises dealing with events in the life of General Lee and other 
distinguished men, giving attention also to the achieve- 
ments and work of eminent men who have served this State 
in civil and military life. 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of county examiners, city 
superintendents and principals of schools to aid in carry- 
ing on this work and they shall arrange the exercises of 
their various schools in accordance with the provisions of 
this act. 

Sec. 4. This act shall be in full force and effect from 
and after its passage. 

Approved February 13, 1905. 



SUGGESTIVE PROGRAM OUTLINE 

Song by the School — "America" (standinp-). 

Invocation. 

Song by the School. 

Quotations. 

Address — Life and Work of Robert E. Lee. 

Song by the School — "Arkansas." 

Essays, Recitations, Readings. 

Brief accounts of Distinguished Men of Arkansas. 

Song by the School. 



AMERICA 

By SamueIv Francis Smith. 

My country, 'tis of thee, 
Sweet land of liberty, 

Of thee I sinsf ; 
Land where my fathers died. 
Land of the pilgrim's pride, 
From every mountain side 

Let freedom ring. 

My native country, thee, 
Land of the noble free. 

Thy name I love; 
I love thy rocks and rills, 
Thy woods and templed hills ; 
My heart with rapture thrills 

Like that above. 

Let music swell the breeze, 
And ring from all the trees, 

Sweet freedom's song; 
Let mortal tongues awake, 
Let all that breathe partake. 
Let rocks their silence break, 

The sound prolong. 

Our father's God to Thee, 
Author of liberty, 

To Thee we sing; 
Long may our land be bright 
With freedom's holy light ; 
Protect us by Thy might, 

Great God, our King. 



ARKANSAS 

Tune, "America." Words by A. C. Millar. 

1 My Arkansas, of thee. 
Home of the brave and free, 

Of thee I sing: 
Land where our fathers fell, 
Land where true patriots dwell, — 
From every height and dell 

Let freedom ring, 

2 My own dear Arkansas, 
Land of impartial law, 

Thy name is sweet: 
I love thy crested hills. 
Deep vales and laughing rills, — 
My soul with rapture fills. 

As thee I greet. 

3 Thy anthems ring sincere, 
Thy lovers far and near 

Raise freedom's song : 
Let slumbering rocks awake; 
Let trees their banners shake; 
Let nature all partake; — 

Thy praise prolong. 

4 O God, our fathers' guide. 
Cast not their sons aside, 

'Though they be dust; 
Hold with Thy mighty hand 
Those who as suppliants stand ; 
Fail not to bless Thy land, — 

In Thee we trust. 



SELECT QUOTATIONS 

"I have met many of the great men of my time, but 
Lee alone impressed me with the feehng that I was in tlie 
presence of a man who was cast in grander mold and 
made of different and finer metal than all other men." 

— Lord Wolseley, 
Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. 

"I tell yon that if I were on my death-bed tomorrow, 
and the President of the United States should, tell me that 
a great battle was to be fought for the liberty or slavery 
of the country, and asked my judgment as to the ability of 
a commander, I would say with mv dving breath, 'Let it be 
Robert E. Lee.' " 

— General Scott to General Preston. 

Patriotism is one of the positive lessons to be taught 
in every school. Everything learned should be flavored 
with a genuine love of country. Every glorious fact in the 
nation's history should be emphasized, and lovingly dwelt 
upon. The names of her illustrious citizens should be 
treasured in the memory. Every child should feel that he 
is entitled to a share, not only in the blessings conferred by 
a free government, but also in the rich memories and glori- 
ous achievements of his country. 

■ — Richard Edwards. 

"Do not be ashamed to love the flag or confess your 
love of it. Make much of it; tell its history; sing of it. 
It now floats over our schools and it ought to hang from 
the windows of all our homes on all public days. Every 
man should uncover when the flag is borne in parade, and 
every one should rise when a national air is given at a con- 
cert or public meeting." 

— Benjamin Plarrison. 

If ever it is a cjuestion whether you or the flag must 
perish, you will instantly choose that it shall not be tlie 
flag. — William T. Sherman. 

Patriotism consists of a love of one's country so strong 
that it is counted no sacrifice to die for it. 

—Daniel R. Ballon. 



We may adorn with loving tributes the resting place 
of our. beloved dead; the flowers which are strewn may 
symbolize the living fragrance of their memory; but we 
shall honor them the most by having their example teach us 
to love our country, to value its dearly purchased institu- 
tions more, to prize its manifold blessings more, and to ad- 
vance its greatness and true glory more. 

— Schuyler Colfax. 

We are strong in our territorial extent, strong in the 
vast natural resources of our country, strong in the vig- 
orous men and in the fair women who inhabit it, strong in 
those glorious institutions which our fathers of the Revolu- 
tion transmitted to us ; but, above all, strong, stronger, 
strongest in the irrepressible instinct of patriotic devotion 
to country which burns inextinguishably, like the vestal fire 
on its altars, in the heart of every American. 

— Caleb Cushing. 

Let us do our duty in our shop or our kitchen, the mar- 
ket, the street, the office, the school, the home, just as faith- 
fully as if we stood in the front rank of some great battle 
and we knew that victory for mankind depended on our 
bravery, strength and skill. When we do that the humblest 
of us will be serving in that great army which achieves the 
welfare of the world. — Theodore Parker. 

Every good citizen makes his country's honor his own, 
and cherishes it, not only as precious, but as sacred. He is 
willing to risk his life in its defense, and is conscious that he 
gains protection while he gives it. Our Federal Union, it 
must be preserved. — Andrew Jackson. 

The only debt that the nation can never repay is the 
one to her old soldiers. 

A Nation's character is the sum of its splendid deeds ; 
they constitute one common patrimony, the Nation's inheri- 
tance. They awe foreign powers, they arouse and animate 
our own people. —Henry Clay. 

No words can depict, no pen can describe, the won- 
derful variety, richness, grandeur and beauty which the 
Almighty has stamped upon this, our favored land. 

— Joim Sherman. 



It is the people's constitution; the people's government; 
made for the people ; made by the people and answerable to 
the people. — Daniel Webster. 

We honor our heroic and patriotic dead by being true 
men; as true men by faithfully fighting the battles of our 
day as they fought the battles of their day. The flower of 
a true and beautiful life is the flower to put upon the 
soldier's grave. Trueness to our countiy is the best way to 
honor the soldier who fell in the defense of his country. 

— David Gregg. 

We join ourselves to no party that does not carry the 
flag and keep step to the music of the Union. 

— Rufus Choate. 

Let our object be our country, our whole country, ,and 
nothing but our country. 

— Daniel Webster. 

"Let us have that faith that right makes might, and in 
that faith let us, to the end, dare to do our duty as we under- 
stand it." — Lincoln. 

He liveth long who liveth well; 

All else is life but flung away; 
He liveth longest who can tell 

Of true things truly done each day. 
Then fill each hour with what will last ; 

Buy up the moments as they go; 
The life above, when this is past, 

Is the ripe fruit of life below. 

— Horatius Bonar. 

BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE LIFE OF LEE 

Born in Virginia, January 19, 1807. 
Graduated at West Point, 1829. 

Served in Mexican War under General Wool, later as 
military engineer under General Scott. 

Superintendent Military Academy at West Point, 

1852-55. " 

Resigned his position in the United States army, 1861, 
and was made Major-General of the forces of his native 
State — Virginia. 

Became president of Washington and Lee University, 
1865, and served until his death, October 12, 1870. 



THE CHARACTER OF LEE 

When the future historian comes to survey tlie char- 
acter of Lee, he will find it rising like a huge mountain 
above the undulating plane of humanity, and he must lift 
his eye towards heaven to catch its summit. He possessed 
every virtue of all other great commanders, without their 
vices. He was a foe without hate, a friend without treach- 
ery, a soldier without cruelty, a victor without oppression, 
and a victim without murmuring. He was a public officer 
without vices, a private citizen without wrong, a neighbor 
without reproach, a Christian without hypocrisy, and a man 
without guile. He was Caesar without his ambition, Fred- 
erick without his tyranny. Napoleon without his selfish- 
ness, and Washington witliout his reward. He was as 
obedient to authority as a servant, and as royal in authority 
as a king. He was gentle as a woman in life, modest 
and as pure as a virgin in thought, watchful as a Roman 
vestal on duty, submissive to the law as a Socrates, and as 
grand in battle as an Achilles. 

Ben H. Hill- 

AN ESTIMATE OF LEE 

By James Ford Rhodes. 

The Confederates had an advantage in that Robert E. 
Lee espoused their cause; to some extent appreciated at the 
time, this in reality was an advantage beyond computation. 
Had he followed the example of Scott and Thomas and re- 
mained in service under the old flag in active command of 
the Army of tiie Potomac, how differently might not events 
have turned out. 

Lee, now 54 years old, his face exhibiting the ruddy 
glow of health, was physically and morally a splendid ex- 
ample of manhood. Able to trace his lineage far back into 
the mother country, the best blood of Virginia flowed in 
his veins. Drawing from a knightly race all their virtues, 
he had inherited none of their vices. Honest, sincere, sim- 
ple, magnanimous, forbearing, refined, courteous yet dig- 
nified and proud, never lacking self command, he was in 
all respects a true man. Graduating from West Point his 
life had been exclusively that of a soldier, yet he had none 
of the soldier's bad habits. He used neither liquor nor 

10 



tobacco and indulged rarely in a social glass of wine, and 
cared nothing for the pleasures of the table. He was a good 
engineer and under General Scott had won distinction in 
Mexico. The work that had fallen to his lot he had per- 
formed in a systematic manner and with conscientious care. 
"Duty is the sublimest word in our language," he wrote to 
his son. Sincerely religious, Providence to him was a 
verity, and it may be truly said he walked with God. 

A serious man, he anxiously watched from his station 
in Texas the progress of events since Lincoln's election. 
"Thinking slavery as an institution a moral and political 
evil," having a soldier's devotion to his flag and a warm 
attachment to General Scott, he loved the Union and it was 
especially dear to him as the fruit of the mighty labors of 
Washington. Although believing that the South had just 
grievances due to the aggression of the North, he did not 
think these evils great enough to resort to the remedy of 
revolution and to him secession was nothing less. "Still," 
he wrote in January, 1861, "a union that can only be main- 
tained by swords and bayonets and in which strife and civil 
war are to take the place of brotherly love and kindness has 
no charm for me. If tiie Union is dissolved and the Gov- 
ernment disrupted I shall return to my native State and 
share the miseries of my people and save in defence will 
draw my sword on none." Summoned to Washington by 
his chief, Lee had arrived there a few days before the in- 
auguration of Lincoln, and he had to make the decision 
after the bombardment of Sumter and the President's call 
for troops whether he should serve the national Government 
or Virginia. The active command of the Federal army 
with the succession to the chief place was virtually offered 
to him, but with this notion of State's rights and his allegi- 
ance to Virginia his decision, though it cost him pain to 
make it, could have been no other than it was. He could 
not lead an army of invasion into his native State and after 
the ordinance of secession had been passed by the Virginia 
convention he resigned his commission and accepted the 
command of the Virginia forces. 

Northern men may regret that Lee did not see his duty 
in the same light as did two other Virginians, Scott and 
Thomas, but censure's voice upon the action of such a noble 
soul is hushed. A careful survey of his character and life 
must lead the student of men and affairs to see that the 



II 



course he took was from his point of view and judged by 
his inexorable and pure conscience the path of duty to whicli 
a high sense of honor called him. Could we share the 
thoughts of that high-minded man as he paced the broad 
pillared veranda of his noble Arlington house, his eyes 
glancing across the river at the flag of his country, waving 
above the dome of the Capitol, and then resting on the soil 
of his native Virginia, we should be willing now to recog- 
nize in him one of the finest products of American life. For 
surely as the years go on we shall see that such a life can 
be judged by no partisan measure, and we shall come to 
look upon him as the English of our day regard Washing- 
ton, whom little more than a century ago they delighted to 
call a rebel. Indeed in all essential characteristics Lee re- 
sembled Washington, and had the great work of his life 
been crowned with success, or had he chosen the winning 
side, the world would have acknowledged that Virginia 
could in a century produce two men who were the embodi- 
ment of public and private virtue. 

RECOLLECTIONS BY ONE OF' HIS SOLDIERS 

By Robert E. Park. 

It has always been a source of pleasure and gratifica- 
tion to me that I have enjoyed the privilege of frequently 
seeing General Lee, on the line of march, in the bivouac and 
on the battlefield, and I am proud that on more than one oc- 
casion I had the privilege of very brief conversations with 
him. 

I recall that while in command of a detachment of the 
1 2th Alabama Regiment on the banks of the Rappahannock 
river, in 1863, General Lee rode to where my men were 
digging rifle-pits. As he rode along up to where the men 
were eagerly working I spoke to him, and with uplifted cap 
and reverent look, I told him that I had directed my men 
to cease firing at the pickets across the river, and that the 
enemy's pickets had been silent for some time as if in tacit 
approval of our course. General Lee smiled and said, 
"Shooting down pickets is not war," and in these words ex- 
pressed his approbation of my command. I then ventured 
to say, "General, it is dangerous for you to be here, for the 
enemy's pickets may renew their firing at any time, and you 
are in a very exposed position. I wish you would go back." 

12 



Without making any reply, but bowing slightly, he turned 
his horse and quietly rode back to where his staff were 
awaiting him some distance in the rear. As I looked upon 
him the impression made by having seen him frequently 
before, as to his remarkable personal beauty and great grace 
of movement was deepened. He had a superb figure, deli- 
cate hands, was graceful in carriage, and of most benign 
countenance. 

His character a? understood by the soldiers was pos- 
sessed of a gentleness and dignity that won their love and 
admiration. The men whom he commanded were men of 
courage, honor and nobility, because they were true to their 
convictions of right, and were soldiers whose hands were 
unstained by cruelty or pillage. Their characters were, in 
a large sense, influenced ,by the example of their beloved 
leader. 

The admiration of the Confederate soldiers for General 
Lee was not their partial judgment only, hut his greatness 
and his goodness are admitted by the bitterest of his foes. 
Books and papers and the very air has heen filled with 
calumnies and revilings of his cause, but none has been 
aimed at this illustrious exemplar of the cause. If there 
are spirits so base as to malign him and so blind as not to 
see his matchless worth and incomparable greatness, they 
Avill at least merit and receive the certain indignation of 
mankind. Base cowards who have spoken of him as a rebel 
and a traitor have been branded as unworthy, and the name 
of Lee has moved more tongues and stirred more hearts 
than the siege of the mightiest city or the triumph of the. 
most renowned of kings. He was in every sense the great- 
est of soldiers, the sublimest of heroes and the best of men. 

His unblemished name and shining fame will endure 
through all ages, and the undying love of every Southern 
man or woman and the admiration of all the world will 
follow him. General Lee's name and fame are not bounded 
by the borders of the South nor by the limits of the Ameri- 
can continent. The South gave him birth, the South holds 
his ashes, but his enduring fame belongs to the human race. 
Washington and Jefferson Davis were born in the South 
and sleep in the South, but their great fame is not to be ap- 
propriated by this country; it is the inheritance of mankind. 
The names of Lee and Davis should be placed by the present 



13 



and by posterity beside that of Washington. This trium- 
virate belongs to the world. 

I do not believe that to any one could be more appro- 
priately applied this great poetic epitaph than to Robert 
Edward Lee : 

"Ne'er to the mansions where the mighty rest, 
Since their foundation, came a nobler guest; 
Nor e'er was to the bowers of bliss conveyed 
A purer saint or a more welcome shade.'' 

HEROISM 

We build monuments and sing praises to the heroism 
of battle, the wild charge, the forlorn hope, the still white 
face upturned to the pitiless stars. This is the heroism we 
never forget, for it stirs the heart like the call of the trum- 
pet. 

But there is another heroism of the c[uiet, unnoted life, 
lived out in honor and duty and self-respect. He is a true 
patriot who in the piping times of peace knows how to 
respect himself, his neighbor, and his God ; who does each 
day an honest day's work, and lays him down each night 
to honest dreams; who adds his little mite to the nation's 
wealth of brain or power or goods; who holds a steadfast 
trust in the things that are worth while; who proves his 
Americanism, not by his much shouting, but by the clear, 
square democracy of his daily life; who sees his present 
humble duty and, seeing, does it. 

America needs men who are willing to die for her; 
even more she needs the unknown millions who know 
enough, care enough, and dare enough to live for her. 

— Charles S. Chapin. 



14 



THE SOLDIER BOY 

The man who wears the shoulder straps 

And has his sword in hand, 
Who proudly strides along- the front, 

Looks good and brave and grand — 
But back there in the ranks somewhere, 

Just where I can not see, 
With his gun upon his shoulder is 

The soldier boy for me ! 

The man who wears the shoulder straps 

Is handsome, brave and true; 
But there are other handsome boys. 

And other brave ones, too. 
When there are heights that must be won 

While bullets fill the air, 
'Tis not the officer alone 

Who braves the dangers there. 

The man who wears the shoulder straps 

Is cheered along the way. 
And public honor dulls his dread 

Of falling in the fray; 
But there behind him in the ranks. 

And moving like a part 
Of some machine, is many a man 

With just as brave a heart. 

The man who wears the shoulder straps 

Deserves the people's praise — 
I honor and applaud him for 

The noble part he plays ; 
But, back there in the ranks somewhere, 

Stout-hearted, is he, 
Prepared to do and nerved to dare — 

The soldier boy for me ! 

— S. E. Kiser. 



15 



*'IN PLACE REST'* 

"Possibly none but old soldiers will understand tne 
significance of this term. To the soldier it suggests nearly 
everything pertaining to soldierly character and soldierly 
duty. When battle was imminent, or in progress, and the 
regiments were in line of battle, there would come intervals 
of quiet. A command might be in position for five minutes, 
for an hour, or three hours, awaiting orders or awaiting 
the development of the battle. In such cases the order was 
'In place rest.' That is, each soldier might sit down, or lie 
down, or rest as best suited him, but he must keep in place 
so that on the instant he would be ready to make a charge 
or to repel one. 

"The image that comes to the mind, that is expressed 
in the words, is of the soldier fully armed, fully prepared 
and ready for whatever may come. The figure is that of 
the soldier in his place, ready, alert, watchful, but at rest. 
The picture is of soldiers in unbroken line or in solid column 
waiting orders. It is a picture of men who have subor- 
dinated the individual to a defined purpose, to a great cause ; 
of men who at rest are ready on the instant when the call 
comes; of men who are in place, who have taken the posi- 
tion resignedly under orders and who await the words of 
the Great Commander or the bugle blast 'Forward.' 

"This 'In place rest' is a good text for Decoration Day. 
In one of the great battles at the very crisis of the conflict 
one of the finest regiments in the service was formed to 
repel a bayonet charge. They knew that when the charge 
came it would be a terrible one but as they waited they 
'rested in place.' Suddenly there was the sharp ringing 
order that brought every man into position to resist the 
bayonet charge. The next day in passing over the field 
scores of men of that regiment were found dead in perfect 
alignment. They had been shot as they knelt or as they 
stood to receive the charge. That regiment turned the tide 
of battle. It stood like a rock but it left one-third of its 
members dead on the line of battle. There had been no fal- 
tering, no hesitation. There had been strict obedience to 
orders, the courage that makes men great, the calmness of 
men looking death in the face. In the same battle one of 
the most popular colonels was wounded to death. As his 
men carried him to a place of safety and lowered him ten- 
derly to the ground he murmured 'In place rest,' and that 
was all." — Inter-Ocean. 

i6 



A NEW MEMORIAL DAY 

By the sob of the southern rivers. 

By the sig'h of the northern hills, 
To the tender tune of the soft tattoo, 

While the muffled drum-beat thrills 
The heart of a common nation 

With a common sorrow to-day, 
Let roses fall, for one and all, 

On the graves of the blue and gray ! 

Clasp hands forever and ever — 

There are no sections now. 
They are one and one in the new faith won 

From the faith of a patriot vow ; 
The wounds that were wide and bitter 

Are healed by the touch to-day 
Of the tender fingers of love that press 

Rose-wreaths for the blue and gray! 

They are calling the veteran legions 

Who march from the fields of the past ! 
They are calling the brave young heroes 

Who are one with the old ones at last ! 
And the flag they are marching under 

Is my flag and your flag to-day — 
The stripes and the stars of old glory. 

The flag of the blue and the gray! 

Bend down with your blossoms, ye living! 

Sleep on in your silence, ye dead ! 
The bugles are mute, the drums muffled, 

The columns swing slow in their tread ; 
But the north and the south march together. 

They are under one banner to-day. 
And they pluck the white rose of remembrance 

Alike for the blue and the gray! 

For the graves that are green with the verdure 

Of the years that have healed with their song 
The sting and the stain and the anger. 

The passion, the pride and the wrong; 
For the graves with the fresh turf upon them, 

Those young graves that call us to-day, 
With the rose-wreaths of common affection 

Made one for the blue and the gray ! 

— Baltimore News. 

^7 



WITH THE RED, WHITE AND BLUE 

An interesting incident is told by the newspapers of 
Paris apropos of the last hours of the session of the Ameri- 
can and Spanish peace commission. 

When the treaty between the two countries was signed, 
it was proposed by some one that, out of acknowledgment of 
the hospitality of the French government, the momentous 
document should be tied with a tricolored ribbon — the red, 
white and blue of the French flag. 

The American commissioners readily assented to this, 
not only because they were quite willing to offer France the 
compliment, but also because the red, white and blue are 
their own national colors. 

A messenger was sent for the tricolored ribbon, but no 
such thing was to be found in the building of the ministry 
of foreign affairs, in which the session was taking place. 
This important department of state was without such an 
emblem of the republic. 

At this juncture a French functionary had a happy 
thought. 

"The confectioners always have them," he said, "to 
tie up boxes of candy for patriotic people. Here, Jean," 
he called to a messenger of the department, "run over to 
X's, the confectioner in the Rue Saint-Honore, and buy me 
a pound of macaroons. And be sure to ask the man to tie 
up the parcel with a tricolored ribbon." 

After a little wait the messenger came back with a 
package of macaroons, tied up with a narrow red, white 
and blue ribbon ; and with this confectioner's "string" the 
treaty of peace between America and Spain was tied. 

— Youth's Companion. 



OUR STANDING ARMY 

We have no standing army? 

Nay, look around and see! 
The man who ploughs the furrow, 

The man who fells the tree, 
The statesman and the scholar — 

At the first word of fear 
Turn to their country, breathing 

"My mother, I am here!" 

Not of a dumb, blind people. 

Is this, our army made ; 
Where school house and where steeple 

Have cast their friendly shade. 
Our army grows in knowledge, 

As it to manhood grows, 
And, trained in school and college, 

Stands ready for its foes. 

The brawny arms of gunners 

Serve minds alert and keen ; 
The sailors' thought has traveled 

To lands he has not seen. 
Not for the joy of killing. 

Not for the lust of strife. 
Have these come forth with gladness 

To offer up their life. 

Behold our standing army — 

Not, as in other lands. 
An army standing idle, 

With empty minds and hands^ 
But each one in his station; 

And peaceful victory 
Is training for the nation 

Heroes of land and sea. 

— Margaret Vandegrift. 



19 



WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE 

What constitutes a State? 

Not high-raised battlements nor labored mound, 
Thick wall or moated gate; 

Not cities proud, with spires and turrets crowned; 
Not bays and broad-arm ports, 

Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride; 

Not starred and spangled courts, 

Where low-bro\\ed baseness wafts perfume to pride. 
No! Men — high-minded men — 

With powers as far above brutes endued. 
In forest, brake, or den. 

As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude : 

Men, w^ho their duties know. 

But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain, 
Prevent the long-aimed blow, 

And crash the tyrant while they rend the chain. 

These constitute a State; 

And sovereign law, that State's collected will, 
O'er thrones and globes elate 

Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. 

— Sir William Jones. 



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